TABLE OF MODAL
AUXILIARY VERBS
- DEFINICIÓN: Los verbos modales son verbos
diferentes al resto de los verbos. Tienen una serie de características
especiales. Estos verbos pueden expresar: obligación, necesidad,
prohibición, ausencia de necesidad, probabilidad, posibilidad, habilidad…
- CARACTERÍSTICAS:
o Son verbos
incompletos. No tienen participio ni infinitivo, y necesitan otros verbos para
completar su conjugación: CAN se completa con la perífrasis BE ABLE TO, MUST
con HAVE TO, etc.
o No llevan -S en la 3ª
persona singular del presente simple, excepto HAVE TO (HAS TO)
o Todos van seguidos de
otro verbo en infinitivo sin TO, excepto OUGHT TO, HAVE TO y NEED TO.
o Como no necesitan
verbo auxiliar, construyen la interrogativa invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el
verbo, y la negativa añadiendo NOT. ¡¡OJO!! CANNOT
- TABLA DE VERBOS MODALES
VERB
|
USE
|
EXAMPLES
|
NOTES
|
|
PURE MODALS
|
CAN
(presente)
|
- Expresar
habilidad
|
- We can drive very well
|
- Be able tocomplementa
a cancuando indica habilidad y posibilidad: infinitivo, futuro,
present perfect y gerundio, e.g. I will be able to play the guitar in a year.
|
- Expresar
posibilidad o imposibilidad
|
- I can't talk, I've got a very sore throat
|
|||
- Expresar
o pedir permiso
|
- Can I
sit down?
|
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- En
negativa expresar deducción y prohibición.
|
- She can't be at school. It's holiday.
- You cannot smoke here.
|
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COULD
(pasado)
|
- Expresar
habilidad en pasado.
|
- Jane could drive before
she was 18.
|
||
- Pedir
algo educadamente.
|
- Could you pass the salt,
please?
|
|||
- Expresar
posibilidad o imposibilidad en el pasado.
|
- It was so hot I couldn't
walk in the sand.
|
|||
- Hacer
especulaciones (posibilidad remota)
|
- This passport could be
his.
|
|||
- Hacer
sugerencias.
|
- We could play bingo today.
|
|||
- Remplaza
a can en el estilo indirecto
|
- They said they could do it
themselves.
|
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- Expresar
una crítica.
|
- You could have bought some
more food.
|
|||
MAY
(PRE/FUT)
|
- Pedir
algo.
|
- May I leave the classroom?
|
- Cuando
MAY indica posibilidad indica que algo no es seguro. (quizá, tal vez, puede
que)
|
|
- Expresar
permiso.
|
- You may go to the toilet.
|
|||
- Expresar
posibilidad (presente o futura)
|
- The headmaster may visit
the class today.
|
|||
- Hacer
especulaciones.
|
- That may be the thief that
was arrested by the police.
|
|||
MIGHT
|
- Expresar
posibilidad (más dudosa)
|
- They might invite us to the party.
|
- La
posibilidad es muy dudosa (pudiera ser que)
|
|
- Hacer
especulaciones
|
- They might have broken the
window…
|
|||
SHOULD
|
- Dar y
pedir consejos (debería)
|
- You should do more
physical exercise
|
||
- Expresar
obligación moral o que algo no es lo adecuado que esperabamos
|
- You should be more
tolerant
|
|||
- Criticar
acciones pasadas
|
- She should have been quiet
|
|||
WILL
|
- Hacer un
ofrecimiento
|
- I'll carry the suitcase
for you.
|
||
- Pedir
algo educadamente
|
- Will you bring me a
coffee, please?
|
|||
SHALL
|
- Hacer un
ofrecimiento
|
- Shall I open the window?
|
||
- Pedir
sugerencias
|
- What shall we do tonight?
|
|||
- Tomar
decisiones
|
- I shall speak to the
headmaster
|
|||
WOULD
|
- Hacer un
ofrecimiento
|
- Would you like some tea?
|
||
- Rutinas
en el pasado (afirm.) (solía)
|
- When I was a child, I
would go fishing.
|
|||
MUST
(presente)
|
- Expresar
obligación (autoridad fuerte)
|
- You must go to school
|
- HAVE TO complementa a MUST
en los tiempos que este carece, e.g. She had to get up early yesterday.
|
|
- En
negativa: expresar prohibición
|
- You mustn't smoke in
hospitals
|
|||
- Expresar
deducción (afirmativa)
|
- They must be happy.
They've won the lottery
|
|||
NEED
|
- Expresar
necesidad
|
- Need we
go now?
|
||
- Con
sentido pasivo
|
- The
trees need pruning.
|
|||
- En
negativa: ausencia de obligación = don't have to
|
- You needn't get up early
at weekends
|
|||
OUGHT TO
|
- Dar
consejos
|
- You ought to do more
physical exercise
|
||
- Expresar
obligación moral
|
- You ought to be more
tolerant
|
|||
USED TO
|
- Expresar
hábitos o rutinas en el pasado
|
- I used to play tennis, but now I play basket
|
||
MODALS
IDIOMS
|
HAVE (GOT) TO
|
- Expresar
obligación (+ suave)
|
- You have to be 18 to drive
a car
|
|
- En
negativa: ausencia de obligación
|
- You don't have to wear a
uniform in this school
|
|||
HAD BETTER
|
- Dar
consejos o sugerencia (sería mejor)
|
- It's getting dark, we'd better go home now
|
||
WOULD RATHER
|
- +
infinitivo: preferir algo 2 sujetos iguales
- +
Oración en pasado simple: (preferiría) sujetos diferentes
- +
infinitivo + than + infinitivo
|
- I'd rather stay at home (prefiero)
- I'd rather she studied harder
- I'd rather listen to music than dance
|
||
BE USED TO
+ -ING
|
- Expresa
"estar acostumbrado a.."
|
- I'm used to going to bed late.
|
||
GET USED TO
+ -ING
|
- Expresa
" acostumbrarse a.."
|
- I can't get used to his way of cooking.
|
- MODALES
PERFECTOS:
Se refieren al pasado: expresan conclusiones, suposiciones y conjeturas que hacemos sobre hechos pasados y se forman con un modal + have + participio. - MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → conclusiones lógicas en el pasado, e.g. Sheila was absent yesterday. She must have been ill.
- COULD + HAVE + PARTICIPIO
→ indica que hubo posibilidad de hacer
algo en el pasado pero realmente no se hizo, e.g. He could have helped us, but
he came too late.
→ en negativa, expresa la incredulidad
de que lo ocurrido sea cierto, e.g. She couldn't have said those words.
→ para hacer una suposición en el
pasado, e.g. She didn't come to the party. She could have been ill.
- MAY / MIGHT + HAVE +
PARTICIPIO → expresan una suposición sobre el pasado, e.g. Call her
again. She may / might not have heard you the first
time.
- SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE +
PARTICIPIO
→ para lamentar que no se siguió un
consejo en el pasado, e.g. She looks worse. She should / ought to have seen a doctor last week.
→ para lamentar que no se haya cumplido
lo que esperábamos, e.g. They should have been home by now.
→ en negativa demuestran nuestra opinión
crítica sobre algo que no debería haber ocurrido, e.g. I'm very angry with her.
She shouldn't have been so rude.
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